James also explores the connections between the people and their environment on a more symbolic level, frequently drawing parallels between human and animal behavior or presenting animal behavior as a model to which humans should aspire. On several occasions, he celebrates the industry and organization of bees and the diligence of birds, concluding that “the whole economy of what we proudly call the brute creation is admirable in every circumstance,” and superior to the “the imperfect systems of men” (35). He draws similar symbolic comparisons in his discussion of his relationship with his cattle, using the dynamics to demonstrate his views on the nature and purpose of government. He asserts that cattle need governing because the behaviors and inclinations of cattle “are exactly the same as among men” and concludes that “the law is to us precisely what I am in my barn-yard, a bridle and check to prevent the strong and greedy from oppressing the timid and weak” (30).

Comparisons between plants and humans also appear regularly, with a particular focus on the suitability of American soil for healthy plants and healthy societies, which helps to illuminate the thematic concern with environments shaping the people who inhabit them.