This section covers Chapters 16-17, “Science as Translation” and “Flying Spores,” as well as Interlude 3.2, “In Gaps and Patches.”

Tsing argues that the drive for uniform cohesiveness is particularly visible in Western models of science: “Translation helps them watch the elements of science come together into a unified system of knowledge and practice. There has been less attention to the messy process of translation as jarring juxtaposition and miscommunication” (217). Science, like history, deserves untidiness in the interest of proper understanding. This diversity shows up within academic and scientific structures, as Japanese matsutake science is not well understood outside the country, and produces radically different views of human involvement, with Japanese scientists seeing intervention in forests as necessary, while Americans cast it as a threat. Though this may seem like two sides of an argument, Tsing disagrees, writing, “This is not a debate: despite the fact that both groups of scientists circulate internationally, there has been almost no communication about these positions” (218). Chinese experts see the US as the model to emulate and compete with, so they are more influenced by this model despite their forestry trajectories somewhat resembling Japanese ones.