Anachronism is a form of poetic license that refers to the placing of an event, person, or thing outside of its historical context. In The Second Shepherds’ Play, Mak and the shepherds frequently use anachronistic language–particularly to swear–that derives from the story of Christ in the New Testament, even though the play’s action is supposed to take place around the time of Christ’s birth. For instance, Dave’s first speech opens with the line, “Christ bless me quickly” (4).

Characters like Col and Mak use expressions that refer to the crucifixion, such as “By the rood!” (By the Cross!) and “Christ’s Cross give me speed!” (9). The characters also occasionally swear by “our Lady,” a phrase that refers to the Virgin Mary (who has not yet given birth to the Christ-Child and became a sacred figure in Christianity). Other examples of anachronisms include the garbled Latin phrases that Mak and the shepherds use, such as “Resurrex a mortruis!”and “Judas carnas dominus!” (12); these phrases refer to episodes from Christ’s life as told in the Gospels and derive from the Latin scriptures and liturgy used in medieval churches. Other anachronisms include references to Christian saints like Saint Nicholas, Saint James, Saint Stephen, and St.