Adaptation is a fundamental concept in Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, which he develops over the course of The Voyage of the Beagle. The term refers to the ability of a species to change over time to better suit its environment, which allows it to survive and reproduce more effectively. Darwin observed many examples of the Adaptation of Species to Their Environment during his voyage, such as the Galapagos finches, which have different beak shapes that correspond to their diets: Birds with more advantageous beak shapes are more likely to survive and pass on their traits to their offspring. Darwin’s observations of such adaptations ultimately formed the basis for his theory of natural selection, which revolutionized the scientific community’s understanding of how species change over time.

Biogeography is a field of study that examines the distribution of living organisms and the patterns that emerge from their distribution across different regions of the world. It is concerned with understanding how geography, geology, and climate have influenced the evolution of species and how the dispersal of organisms across continents and oceans has been shaped by these factors. Though the term did not exist at the time of the Beagle’s voyage, biogeography nevertheless played a significant role in Darwin’s understanding of the diversity of life and the patterns of distribution he observed during his journey.