Dogs, the titular animal of Gladwell’s book, are a primary symbol of how other minds—in other words, minds that are not our own—think. In his work, these four-legged creatures represent ways of knowing and interpreting the world that are radically different from humans. His essays “What the Dog Saw” and “Troublemakers” argue for a dog-centered perspective on canine behavior and canine-human interactions.

US and Canadian citizens, who often dote on their dogs like children and in extreme cases bear their bite marks on their skin like battle scars, think that the problem lies with the breed or individual temperament of a dog. Blanket bans on particular breeds arise from this misconception, and even hard-line stances like Ontario’s pit-bull ban run into a human-created problem: the way we have bred pit bulls over the decades means that it is difficult to draw the line between what constitutes a true pit bull and what has been hybridized enough to divest the dog of its characteristics. Moreover, Gladwell’s research has shown that the breed of dog that is most dangerous to humans changes with the generations. For example, in the 1970s, Dobermans were most responsible for human fatalities, and pit bulls did not make it into the statistics, whereas in the 2000s, the conditions were reversed.